Powdery Mildew of Prairie Gentian: Characteristics,Molecular Phylogeny and Pathogenicity

In March 1999, we found prairie gentian (Eustoma grandiflorum) infected with powdery mildew in a greenhouse in Oita Prefecture, Japan. Morphological observation revealed that the causal fungus belongs to the mitosporic genus Oidium subgenus Pseudoidium [teleomorph: Erysiphe sensu Braun and Takamatsu (2000)]. Precise taxonomic position of the fungus, however, is uncertain due to lack of the perfect stage. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the rDNA ITS region of the fungus. Comparison of the sequence with those obtained from DNA databases of this fungal group revealed that the sequence is identical to those of powdery mildews from garden four-o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa) and broad bean (Vicia faba). Inoculation of an isolate from garden four-o'clock caused mildew on prairie gentian and broad bean, suggesting that the prairie gentian mildew originates from garden four-o'clock or broad bean. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship of this fungus to Erysiphe baeumleri on Vicia spp. and E. trifolii on Trifolium pratense. From these results, we propose that prairie gentian mildew diverged from a Fabaceae-parasitic ancestor. Received 14 March 2002/ Accepted in revised form 28 May 2002     

屋顶绿化5种常绿植物的抗旱性研究

为了筛选更多耐粗放管理且抗旱性强的屋顶绿化常绿植物，选取在西安露地广泛应用且须根发达无主根的5种常绿灌木:金叶女贞、金边黄杨、南天竹、海桐、红叶石楠进行干旱胁迫，通过观察植株外部形态特征的变化，并对其叶片的生理指标:相对含水量、细胞质膜透性、叶绿素、丙二醛、脯氨酸的含量进行测定，利用隶属函数值法进行综合评价。结果表明，5种常绿灌木的抗旱性排序依次为金边黄杨＞海桐＞红叶石楠＞金叶女贞＞南天竹，应用于屋顶绿化时，金叶女贞、南天竹应加强灌溉措施。总体而言说明5种常绿灌木基本能适应西安市的气候条件和屋顶环境。     

洛阳地区园林常绿阔叶树种资源及其应用

为了对洛阳市的生态环境建设提供参考,对洛阳地区常绿阔叶树种进行了实地调查.结果表明,洛阳地区园林中应用的常绿阔叶树种共有58种,其中,乔木9种,灌木39种、藤本4种及竹类6种;野生常绿阔叶树种10余种.并针对应用中存在的问题,提出相应的发展对策.     

常绿植物在杨凌居住区绿地中的应用调查研究

采用样地调查的方法对杨凌居住区绿地中常绿植物的种类组成、栽植类型、生长状况等进行研究,结果显示:杨凌居住区绿地常绿植物共计15科24属32种,其中,常绿乔木11种,多为松柏科,数量占17%,常绿灌木17种,多为阔叶植物,数量占55%;78%的常绿植物生长良好;常绿植物在居住区绿地中多采用孤植、对植、列植、丛植、片植、绿篱的栽植类型。调查中发现,在居住区绿地中存在着常绿植物的应用未做到适地适树、种植密度不够合理、养护管理不到位等问题,为此提出增加常绿植物种类、保持常绿落叶植物适宜比、注重植物生态性、营造有特色的常绿植物景观和重视日常养护管理等建议。     

湘南典型残次阔叶林人工促进更新技术研究

于2003年在湖南省汝城县益将国有林场天然残次阔叶林内设置试验样地和对照样地各3个,采用林地清理、补植、补播等手段促进天然更新,并分别于2006年和2011年进行2次人工促进干预;同时,在6个样地内各设置3个样方,共计18个样方,分别于2003、2008、2013年冬,对幼树、幼苗、萌条的数量及地径进行统计,并对样方内胸径≥5 cm的立木进行每木调查。结果表明:种子补播保存率43%,幼苗补植保存率20%,平均保存率32%。树高≤30 cm且地径0.5 cm、31 cm≤树高≤50 cm且0.5 cm地径0.7 cm幼树的数量下降率分别是对照样地的17.5%、21.59%,树高≥51 cm且地径0.7 cm幼树的数量下降率是对照样地的121.66%。2008年单位面积蓄积量是对照样地的2.28倍,2013年达到3.80倍;经过10年更新,单位面积蓄积量是试验前的11.57倍,对照样地单位面积蓄积量仅是试验前的2.55倍;单位面积蓄积量是对照样地的4.54倍。人工促进天然更新所需的人工成本为1 860元/hm2,仅为同期人工营造杉木幼林所需人工成本5 310元/hm2的35%。     

调亏灌溉对蚕豆需水规律及水分利用效率的影响

在甘肃秦王川灌区通过大田试验研究了苗期调亏灌溉对蚕豆需水规律和水分生产效率的影响.结果表明:调亏处理蚕豆在苗期、拔节期及花荚期需水量减少,叶面积、蒸腾速率和光合速率下降,在鼓粒成熟期则相对增加,作物的总需水量减少.叶面积、蒸腾速率和棵间蒸发减少是调亏灌溉需水量降低的主要原因.调亏灌溉能够延缓鼓粒期叶片衰老,提高光合速率,使光合同化物向籽粒分配的比例增加,提高水分生产效率.     

平地漫灌灌溉水净化与循环利用研究

为提高设施农业的水分利用率，设计了平地漫灌灌溉水净化与循环利用系统；阐述了系统的组成、节水灌溉原理与工作过程。理论分析可知，系统具有较高的输水利用率、灌水利用率和降水利用率，是农业节水灌溉的有效新途径。     

不同采伐强度对闽西常绿阔叶林林分结构稳定性的影响

应用多样性分析方法和改进后的 M.Godron 稳定性测定方法研究常绿阔叶林5种不同强度采伐(弱度9.8%、中度24.5%,强度46.8%和极强度72.3%和皆伐)作业10 a后林分结构稳定性.结果表明,择伐林地林分处于稳定状态,随着择伐强度的增强,林分的稳定性开始逐渐降低.皆伐林地林分处于不稳定状态.对于常绿阔叶林的科学经营,从稳定性出发,应尽量采取择伐方式,尤其是中低强度的择伐方式.     

Accessions of Australian Nicotiana species suitable as indicator hosts in the diagnosis of plant virus diseases

When screening the genusNicotiana for sensitive and differential hosts for a group of mechanically transmissible plant viruses with narrow host ranges, development of systemic symptoms was alsmost exclusively observed in species of three closely related sections of the subgenusPetunioides. These species wereN. miersii (sectionAcuminatae),N. bigelovii andN. clevelandii (Bigelovianae) andN. benthamiana, N. cavicola, N. ingulba, N. occidentalis, N. rosulata andN. rotundifolia (Suaveolentes). Except forN. benthamiana andN. clevelandii, which are already known for their large virus ranges, they are new experimental hosts that appeared very useful for detection of viruses and for differentiation of viruses that closely resemble each other in host range. Accessions of the same species often varied largely in local and systemic viral response. EspeciallyN. benthamiana-9,N. miersii-33 andN. occidentalis-37B (code numbers given by Tobacco Research Laboratory, Oxford, N.C., USA) are recommended for routine inoculation tests. The sensitiveSuaveolentes species mentioned are native to the arid parts of Australia. Collections of these species deserve attention in studies on virus diseases of unknown etiology where experimental hosts are lacking.Samenvatting In het genusNicotiana werden vatbare, gevoelige en differentiële toetsplanten opgespoord door toetsing van vooral de collectie van het Tobacco Research Laboratory (Oxford, N.C., VS) met een aantal virussen waarvoor weinig of geen bruikbare toetsplanten bekend waren. Systemische reacties werden bijna uitsluitend in soorten van drie nauw verwante secties van het subgenusPetunioides waargenomen. Deze soorten warenN. miersii (sectieAcuminatae),N. bigelovii enN. clevelandii (Bigelovianae) enN. benthamiana, N. cavicola, N. ingulba, N. occidentalis, N. rosulata enN. rotundifolia (Suaveolentes). Behalve voor virusvermeerdering bleken deze soorten ook zeer geschikt te zijn voor differentiatie van virussen of virusstammen met een bijna gelijke waardplantenreeks.Collectienummers van één en dezelfde soort konden sterk in lokale en systemische reactie verschillen. VooralN. benthamiana-9,N. miersii-33 enN. occidentalis-37B kunnen voor routine-inoculaties worden aanbevolen. Met uitzondering vanN. benthamiana enN. clevelandii zijn de genoemde soorten of genotypen nieuwe experimentele waardplanten voor de virologie. De soorten die van de sectieSuaveolentes worden genoemd, zijn inheems in de woestijnachtige gebieden van Australië. Verzamelingen daarvan verdienen nadere aandacht bij de diagnostiek van virusziekten waarvoor nog geen experimentele waarplanten voorhanden zijn.     

潜蝇姬小蜂幼虫空间分布型研究

本文应用Iwao和Tayla’s回归模型以及6个聚集度指标(C、CA、M^*、M^8／m、I、K),对蚕豆田潜蝇姬小蜂幼虫的空间分布型进行了研究。测定结果属聚集分布,为田间调查及保护天敌提供了依据。